Go is a special language among modern languages. It is very opinionated. For example, there is one true formatting. Go will tell you how to space your code and where to put your curly braces. But it goes much deeper than that.
Go will also tell you how to capitalize your functions and variables to make them public or private. It will dictate the directory structure of your code. This may come as a surprise for developers coming to Go from more liberal programming languages.
In this article, I'll explore some of Go's restrictions, discuss their merits, and suggest options for common situations.
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Project Euler
When I started learning Go, I created a solution to Problem #6 and just put it in a sub-directory alongside solutions to other problems in other languages. See Project Euler.
The issue is that Go doesn't want you to just scatter Go files randomly all over the place. I later realized that while it works in very simple cases where you don't import other packages, it is not proper.
Dependencies
Every non-trivial program is composed of multiple files or modules or components or classes. I'll just use "file" as a general term. They are often grouped in libraries or packages or assemblies. I'll just use "package" as a general term. The code you write depends on code in other files and packages.
You need to tell your code how to find those packages and files in order to use their functionality. Each language has its own term: import, include, require. I'll just use "import" as a general term.
Some languages (or language specific tools) also allow you to install dependencies from a remote package repository and install them into a standard local location you can import from.
In most common programming languages, you have a lot of freedom. In C/C++, you tell the compiler/linker where the files and static libraries are (using command-line switches or environment variables like INCLUDE_DIR). In Python, you can install packages from PyPI using setup.py or with pip from PyPI and remote source control repositories. You then import based on the sys.path package search path.
The Go Way
Go, as always, is more prescriptive. It may offend your creativity that you don't get as much say about where to place things, but at the end of the day it doesn't really matter, and there is enough flexibility to accommodate various situations.
Go requires that you put your code in a workspace. A workspace is just a directory with three sub-directories: src, pkg, and bin. It is recommended that you keep all your projects under a single workspace. This way they can depend on each other and share common third-party packages.
Note: I currently work on Windows and use PowerShell for many of the interactive examples. For the following section, I wanted to show the directory structure of my workspace using the tree command. Windows has its own tree.exe command, but it is very limited (no levels). There is allegedly a full-fledged tree command for Windows here.
But the site was unreachable. I ended up firing a Docker container running Ubuntu, mounting my Go workspace as /docs/Go, and using the Linux tree command to show it. So don't be confused if you see a Linux environment showing Windows directories and files with .exe suffixes.
Here is my current Go workspace. The bin directory contains various Go commands/tools, and the delve debugger. The pkg dir has a sub-directory with the platform (Win 64) that contains the packages organized by their origin (github.com, golang.com, etc.). The src directory has similar sub-directories for the origin repository or website (github.com, golang.org, etc.).
1 |
root@67bd4824f9d5:/docs/Go# tree -n -L 3 |
2 |
|
3 |
|-- bin |
4 |
| |-- dlv.exe |
5 |
| |-- go-outline.exe |
6 |
| |-- go-symbols.exe |
7 |
| |-- gocode.exe |
8 |
| |-- godef.exe |
9 |
| |-- golint.exe |
10 |
| |-- gometalinter.exe |
11 |
| |-- gopkgs.exe |
12 |
| |-- gorename.exe |
13 |
| |-- goreturns.exe |
14 |
| `-- guru.exe |
15 |
|-- pkg |
16 |
| `-- windows_amd64 |
17 |
| |-- github.com |
18 |
| |-- golang.org |
19 |
| |-- gopkg.in |
20 |
| `-- sourcegraph.com |
21 |
`-- src |
22 |
|-- github.com |
23 |
| |-- alecthomas |
24 |
| |-- derekparker |
25 |
| |-- go-web-crawler |
26 |
| |-- golang |
27 |
|
28 |
| |-- lukehoban |
29 |
| |-- multi-git |
30 |
| |-- newhook |
31 |
| |-- nsf |
32 |
| |-- rogpeppe |
33 |
| |-- tpng |
34 |
| `-- x |
35 |
|-- golang.org |
36 |
| `-- x |
37 |
|-- gopkg.in |
38 |
| `-- alecthomas |
39 |
`-- sourcegraph.com |
40 |
`-- sqs |
41 |
|
42 |
|
43 |
27 directories, 11 files |
44 |
Let's take a look inside one of the source projects I created under src: the go-web-crawler. It is pretty simple here: just a flat list of Go files, a license, and a README file.
1 |
root@67bd4824f9d5:/docs/Go# tree src/github.com/go-web-crawler/ -n
|
2 |
src/github.com/go-web-crawler/ |
3 |
|-- LICENSE |
4 |
|-- README.md |
5 |
|-- channel_crawl.go |
6 |
|-- main.go |
7 |
`-- sync_map_crawl.go |
8 |
|
9 |
0 directories, 5 files |
GOROOT and GOPATH
Two environment variables control your destiny in the land of Go. GOROOT is where the Go installation is:
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09:21:26 C:\Users\the_g\Documents\Go> ls Env:\GOROOT |
2 |
|
3 |
Name Value |
4 |
---- ----- |
5 |
GOROOT C:\Go\ |
6 |
|
7 |
09:21:35 C:\Users\the_g\Documents\Go> ls c:\go |
8 |
|
9 |
|
10 |
Directory: C:\go |
11 |
|
12 |
|
13 |
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name |
14 |
---- ------------- ------ ---- |
15 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM api |
16 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM bin |
17 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM blog |
18 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM doc |
19 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM lib |
20 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM misc |
21 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM pkg |
22 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM src |
23 |
d----- 8/16/2016 10:38 AM test |
24 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 29041 AUTHORS |
25 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 1168 CONTRIBUT |
26 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 40192 CONTRIBUT |
27 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 1150 favicon.i |
28 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 1479 LICENSE |
29 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 1303 PATENTS |
30 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 1638 README.md |
31 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 26 robots.tx |
32 |
-a---- 8/16/2016 1:48 PM 5 VERSION |
Note that the Go root directory looks like a superset of a workspace with the src, bin, and pkg directories.
GOPATH points to your workspace. That's how Go finds your code.
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09:21:53 C:\Users\the_g\Documents\Go> ls Env:\GOPATH |
2 |
|
3 |
Name Value |
4 |
---- ----- |
5 |
GOPATH c:\Users\the_g\Documents\Go |
There are a bunch of other Go related environment variables, many of which you were required to set in the past (e.g. GOOS and GOARCH). Now, they are optional, and you should not mess with them unless you really need to (e.g. when cross-compiling). To see all the Go environment variables, type: go env.
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09:51:10 C:\Users\the_g> go env |
2 |
set GOARCH=amd64 |
3 |
set GOBIN= |
4 |
set GOEXE=.exe |
5 |
set GOHOSTARCH=amd64 |
6 |
set GOHOSTOS=windows |
7 |
set GOOS=windows |
8 |
set GOPATH=c:\Users\the_g\Documents\Go |
9 |
set GORACE= |
10 |
set GOROOT=C:\Go |
11 |
set GOTOOLDIR=C:\Go\pkg\tool\windows_amd64 |
12 |
set CC=gcc |
13 |
set GOGCCFLAGS=-m64 -mthreads -fmessage-length=0 |
14 |
set CXX=g++ |
15 |
set CGO_ENABLED=1 |
Installs and Imports
When you create a Go program or a library, you can install it. Programs go to your workspace's bin directory, and libraries go to the workspace's pkg directory. On Windows, I discovered that your %GOPATH%/bin is not in the %PATH% directory, so Windows couldn't find my executable. I added it to the Windows PATH and everything worked. Here is how to check in PowerShell that your PATH contains your workspace bin directory:
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10:56:19 C:\Users\the_g> $env:path.split(";") | grep go |
2 |
|
3 |
C:\Go\bin |
4 |
c:\Users\the_g\Documents\Go\bin |
Let's see all that in action.
If I go to my go-web-crawler directory and type go install then go-web-crawler.exe is created in c:\Users\the_g\Documents\Go\bin:
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11:09:18 C:\Users\the_g> ls $env:GOPATH/bin |
2 |
|
3 |
|
4 |
Directory: C:\Users\the_g\Documents\Go\bin |
5 |
|
6 |
|
7 |
Mode LastWriteTime Length Name |
8 |
---- ------------- ------ ---- |
9 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 11:05 AM 15891456 dlv.exe |
10 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:08 AM 3972608 go-outline.exe |
11 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:10 AM 4502528 go-symbols.exe |
12 |
-a---- 9/18/2016 10:14 AM 1849856 go-web-crawler.exe |
13 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:08 AM 12097024 gocode.exe |
14 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:17 AM 6642688 godef.exe |
15 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 9:32 AM 6625792 golint.exe |
16 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:14 AM 6352896 gometalinter.exe |
17 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:10 AM 2738688 gopkgs.exe |
18 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:10 AM 6961152 gorename.exe |
19 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:09 AM 7291904 goreturns.exe |
20 |
-a---- 8/15/2016 10:11 AM 9722368 guru.exe |
I can now run it from my Go web crawler from anywhere.
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11:10:32 C:\Users\the_g> go-web-crawler.exe |
2 |
|
3 |
found: http://golang.org/ "The Go Programming Language" |
4 |
found: http://golang.org/cmd/ "" |
5 |
not found: http://golang.org/cmd/ |
6 |
found: http://golang.org/pkg/ "Packages" |
7 |
found: http://golang.org/pkg/os/ "Package os" |
8 |
found: http://golang.org/pkg/fmt/ "Package fmt" |
9 |
found: http://golang.org/ "The Go Programming Language" |
Multiple Go Environments
That's all fine, but sometimes life is not so simple. You may want to have multiple separate workspaces. What's more, you may want to have multiple installations of Go (e.g. different versions) and multiple workspaces for each one. You can do this by dynamically setting GOPATH for changing the workspace and setting GOROOT for changing the active Go installation.
There are various open-source projects for vendoring, package management, and virtual environments. For some reason, most don't support Windows. I'm not sure why such tools have to be platform-specific. I may write a cross-platform Go environment manager myself one of these days.
Conclusion
Go is all about eliminating incidental complexity. Sometimes it comes off as very strict and prescriptive. But if you get into the mindset of the Go designers, you start to understand that avoiding, forbidding or mandating certain things really makes everything simpler.
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